Chapter 3
Mindwork 1
Possible research question:
Would incorporation of visual planning strategies increase student engagement in all elements of our existing preschool curriculum (Welcome, Reading, Circle, Small Group, Centers)?
What is my history with visual planning strategies?
Although my emphasis in undergrad was creative writing, my creative writing process always begins with the visualization of a scene from which I then choose and record details. Perhaps closer to what I’m proposing to study, when I plan a paper (creative or otherwise), I usually sketch out a diagram of its organization—what scene or information set will go where—prior to writing the paper. Further, my second major as an undergrad was in Art History and I enjoyed the aspect of linking information to a visual as a recall strategy.
What do I know about the differences in types and uses of visual planning strategies?
In addition to the writing and recall strategies listed above, I’ve observed several preschool teachers use a whiteboard to outline their planned activities at the start of a school day and I’ve led students through activities using a white board where they observed the marks that I was making and guessed at the end product (this may be loosely related since it involves visualization and anticipation). Also, preprinted schedules are a staple of the early childhood education and there are a variety of children’s books that attempt to model behavior visually and I’ve seen these incorporated in preschool lessons.
Things I’ve noticed about visual planning strategies…
In most of the classrooms that I’ve observed, the preprinted materials tend to blend into the surroundings and be forgotten by both teachers and students. On the other hand, students are often very interested in observing how teachers make these materials and follow closely when things are drawn/written in front of them. I’ve seen students point to schedules that have been drawn in front of them (when prompted by a question about their day) but I’ve never seen students point to preprinted materials this way. In terms of making their own visual plan, students this young often lack confidence in their mark making/representational skills.
To which aspects of the curriculum might I add some kind of visual planning strategy?
I’d like to add teacher created visual aids (not preprinted, but made on the spot) to Welcome, Reading, Circle and Small Group elements of the curriculum and student created visual aids to the Center element of the curriculum (though children could dictate these to teacher facilitators if they are not comfortable creating the visual on their own).
What sources do I know already that I might consult?
I know that the Tools of the Mind curriculum has developed and incorporated similar tools into their lessons.
What people might I ask or contact as resources?
Preschool teachers that I’m currently working with or have worked with in the past. Faculty at the University.
Where would I go to find out more?
Jstor, Eric, etc.
Mindwork 2
How many options do you have for further, more focused search?
- A textbook with a chapter called “Integrating Verbal and Visual Planning Strategies.”
- A variety of articles about the Tools of the Mind curriculum.
- A variety of materials on visual learning ALTHOUGH very little with reference to behavioral impacts
- A variety of research on use of visual tools as a planning strategy for learners with autism
What do you know now that you didn’t know before?
That visual tools are being used to engage autistic students. This is interesting in that a lot of tools that are developed to remediate learning for students with specific difficulties can be generalized to the benefit of the entire classroom.
Are there alternative keywords?
I’ve tried a variety of permutations such as “visual teaching,” “visual learning,” “visual planning” and each of these with the word “visual” replaced with “graphic.” I’ve used these alone and in conjunction with “early childhood,” “preschool,” “behavior management,” and “student engagement.”
Do you need to consult another electronic source?
I’ll try the University’s online academic article search engines next. I find that it becomes easier to fine tune search language when you move to a purely academic set of articles because common parlance in these types of journals tends to be a little more specific. Also, once you stumble upon an article that closely addresses your topic, it becomes easy to check that article’s reference list and so on.
Working Bibliography
Britsch, S. (2010). Photo-Booklets for English Language Learning: Incorporating Visual Communication into Early Childhood Teacher Preparation. Early Childhood Education Journal, vol. 38 (no. 3), p 171-7.
…Teacher training, too, devotes insufficient attention to either visual literacy or visual communication. This article provides a discussion of the role of the visual in English language development as a basis for a sample photography project that can be incorporated into a course for pre-service teachers in methods of teaching ELLs. Pre-service teachers thus experience the project first-hand in terms of image creation and the planning of appropriate content, language, and visual literacy objectives. The resulting visual products then function as teaching resources themselves; however, effective visual learning for ELLs requires that teachers possess such an informed understanding of the techniques that structure and assist language development. (From abstract)
Guerra, N. S. (2009). LIBRE Stick Figure Tool. Intervention in School and Clinic, vol. 44 (no. 4), p 229-33.
The LIBRE Stick Figure Tool (LSFT) is a graphic organizer for the problem-solving application of the LIBRE Model counseling approach that is designed to facilitate and to provide a reference for an individual's self-regulated problem solving. The LSFT provides teacher-facilitators and students with visual prompts by providing some direction and cues for self-reflection and assessment leading to decision making and action planning. The teacher facilitates the process using open-ended questions, summarization, and restatements to clarify, elaborate, and specify the student's responses to each step of the process but offers no judgments, suggestions, or opinions about the student's problem-solving processing. Ultimately, the process aims to move the dyad from facilitator-directed problem solving to student self-regulated problem solving. An example of an LSFT problem-solving interaction is provided. (From abstract)
Olshansky, B. (2003). Visual Tools for Visual Learners. School Arts, vol. 102 (no. 5), p 51-3.
Picturing Writing: Fostering Literacy through Art (Picturing Writing) and Image-Making within the Writing Process (Image-Making) are dynamic programs designed to support the literacy learning of children with diverse learning styles. These art-based approaches to literacy learning use quality picture books and ongoing art experiences to provide visual and kinesthetic tools to visual and kinesthetic learners. (From abstract)
Doherty, Martin J., Anderson, James R., Howieson, Lynne (2009). The Rapid Development of Explicit Gaze Judgment Ability at 3 Years. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, vol. 104 (no. 3), p 296-312.
Two studies examined development of the ability to judge what another person is looking at. In Study 1, 54 2- to 4-year-olds judged where someone was looking in real-life, photograph, and drawing formats. A minority of 2-year-olds, but a majority of older children, passed all tasks, suggesting that the ability arises at around 3years of age. (From abstract)
Wellhousen, Karyn. Giles, Rebecca M. (2005). Building Literacy Opportunities into Children’s Block Play: What Every Teacher Should Know. Childhood Education, vol. 82 (no. 2), p 74-8
The writers consider how block play can contribute to children's learning in the area of literacy. Noting that the block center can provide an effective arena for developing the skills and knowledge necessary for young children's literacy experience, the writers discuss how block play introduces and reinforces such crucial concepts as visual discrimination, use of abstract symbols, oral language production, and purposeful reading and writing… (From abstract)
Frey, Nancy. Fisher, Douglas. (2010) Reading and the Brain: What Early Childhood Educators Need to Know. Early Childhood Education Journal, vol. 38 (no. 2), p 103-10.
…We also discuss the importance that visuals play in learning and then note that children are hardwired to imitate others, which is why teacher modeling is so important. We conclude the article with future research needs and implications for educators. (From abstract)
Phillips, Roger D., Gorton, Rebecca L., Pinciotti, Patricia. Sachdev, Anuradha. (2010) Promising Findings on Preschoolers' Emergent Literacy and School Readiness In Arts-integrated Early Childhood Settings. Early Childhood Education Journal, vol 38 (no 2), p 111-22.
An approach to early childhood education that integrates visual and performing arts throughout the preschool curriculum—Art as a Way of Learning—was implemented in a program (Promoting and Supporting Early Literacy through the Arts) designed to improve the emergent literacy and school readiness of at-risk young children in community-based preschool settings. A quasi-experimental pre-post treatment-only design was used to explore this program’s potential effects in a real-world setting. Preliminary results revealed improvements in young children’s emergent literacy on a number of targeted and standardized measures after participation in the program. This arts-integrated approach to the teaching of and learning in young children shows considerable promise and warrants a rigorous test of its effects. (From abstract)
Christensen, Lois McFadyen. Kirkland, Lynn Dotty (2009). Early Childhood Visual Arts Curriculum. Childhood Education, vol. 86 (no. 2), p 87-92.
The writers maintain that early childhood education that focuses on literacy, numeracy, and assessment suppresses crucial experience of creative verbal reflection in children and art education is essential to their optimal self development. The writers stress that introducing art education in early childhood curriculum helps children make connections with history, geography, art and literature, besides countering the passivity of a standards-based curriculum. (Abstract)
Trimis, E., Savva, A. (2009). Artistic Learning in Relation to Young Children's Chorotopos: An In-Depth Approach to Early Childhood Visual Culture Education. Early Childhood Education Journal, vol. 36 (no. 6), p. 527-39.
Soundy, Cathleen S.; Guha, Smita; Qiu, Yun (2007). Picture Power: Placing Artistry and Literacy on the Same Page. YC Young Children, vol. 62 (no. 3), p. 82-8.
A study examined the relationship between children's visual and verbal literacies. Participants were 22 kindergarten students, who drew pictures and wrote descriptions of homes. Findings revealed that picture drawing was an effective way to enhance children's creative self-expression and literacy. Other findings of the study are discussed, and recommendations for future research are provided. (Abstract)
Do you need more current articles or books?
No, all of these are from within the last 10 years. If anything, I think going further back in the research to find something that more specifically matches my research question may be necessary.
Can you eliminate some sources you initially thought were valuable/relevant?
I suspect that half or less of these will be useful for my project but they caught my interest as being in some way (even if only tangentially) related and in some cases possibly useful for other projects that are of interest to me. I’ll have to check these articles out in greater depth and rethink my research question to see what sticks and hopefully the ones that do will lead me toward articles of even greater relevance.
Have you included enough different types of materials?
Probably not. There are a variety of journals represented here, but these are all journal articles. As noted above, there is at least one book that I’m interested in checking out at this point, but I haven’t physically handled it yet so I’ve not included it here.
Where do you need to go next? What do you wish you’d found?
I wish I’d found articles that specifically explored a connection between visual materials and planning or student engagement (or executive function—as this seems to be a closely related term). So far, I haven’t found anything that explicitly addresses my research question.
Is this a time to revise or refine your research question?
I’m not sure. I’ve tried a variety of related terms but still haven’t found what I’m looking for. When I broaden to a category (searching for just “visual” in place of “visual planning” for example), I get hints of similar ideas but nothing close enough to substitute some new specific language and without specific language, I’m left adrift in the sea of interesting but not quite right articles.
Chapter 4
Mindwork 1
Emic Stance:
Ironically, as I consider my emic stance, I realize that I am largely an outsider in my classroom. My racial, socioeconomic, and educational background is different from the majority of students I serve and the regular teaching and administrative staff of the preschool that I work in. In spite of this, I don’t feel that the cultural gaps that exist are all that large. My father grew up with very limited resources and we “crossed the tracks” (this is a literal geographical social division in the small town I grew up in—like in a Springsteen song) every time we went to visit his side of the family. My mother also grew up with limited means, but she was from an even smaller, predominantly agricultural community where everyone was poor and such divisions weren’t as apparent. Which leads me to another significant difference… Columbia is a much larger and much more diverse community than the one in which I spent my preschool years. However, we moved here in my adolescence and in most respects, the small town I grew up in is more foreign to me than the culture here. Finally, the program that I implement in the classroom is designed as an outreach, where University students attempt to supplement assumed deficiencies in the learning and learning environments of the students that we reach. There is a distinct difference between the time our program is in charge of the classroom and the time that the classroom teachers are in charge in almost every respect: behavior expectations, discipline procedures, curricular goals, etc. And while I hate to admit it, I often see the two (our practices and their practices) as being in direct opposition.
Etic Stance:
To get a complete view of our educational environment and the function of my program within it, I think you would need to interview the parents of our students, discover their goals and hopes for their children and their vision for how their children might reach those goals. I sometimes question the role of a targeted literacy curriculum in early childhood education, but I’d be curious to see how our students’ parents’ beliefs about our practices compare and contrast with what we actually do. I also wonder how they’d gauge the differences between the regular classroom teachers practices and ours if a comparison of the two were put before them.
Mindwork 2
What surprises (and intrigues) me:
This probably sounds like a cop out, but in all honesty, there’s not much about what I wrote in Chapter 1 that surprises me. These are all things that I’ve been mulling over for quite some time and have written about in one form or another in the past year and a half. The surprise for me is that in considering an experimental change to the curriculum, the battle of what’s going right and what’s going wrong in my life as an educator becomes less a question of “the right way to do things” vs. “the wrong way to do things”—it’s not so much that we need more of one thing and less of another, it’s that we need to try something different. And this is also the aspect that has the greatest intrigue for me. I’m not at all sure that the minor curriculum changes that I’ve suggested are going to be any less fraught with minutiae-laden difficulties than the ones I currently spend my administrative and instructional time trying to tinker into some kind of a better mousetrap, but I’ve done enough tinkering with the current ones that I’m ready to tinker at a larger level.
What disturbs me:
I’d say the thing that disturbs me most is how judgmental I’ve become about the practices of the regular classroom teachers (and the school, more generally). I can remember that when I first began working in early childhood education (as an undergraduate) that I struggled with similar feelings toward the families of my students. I’ve now come to see the family situations of my students as sacred—everyone is entitled to their own private struggles and happiness and I wouldn’t assume to meddle or comment—but I still try to wrap my mind around the motivations and beliefs of the teachers and staff. Ultimately, I believe that they are good people who follow their beliefs and try their best, but I still feel critical of a lot of what I see and find myself wishing that I could change things even though I have no idea where I would begin or what the best alternatives would be.
Emic/Etic Surprise:
I was surprised by just how much of an outsider I branded myself at the start of my emic writing. I don’t feel that far removed from my students and I suppose that’s why I spent most of that paragraph explaining my family history. Our differences might be more pronounced if we were closer in age because I do find it difficult to communicate with their parents at times.
I was intrigued by how attracted to the notion of trying to survey my students’ parents I am. I feel that my program assumes that it knows what’s best for our students. I’d be interested to know if our students’ parents agreed with its goals, its methods, or both.
I am disturbed by how intrusive my program seems when it is put down on paper without the high-minded literacy and success language attached to it.
Mindwork 3
Ethics Statement:
I will strive in every respect of my teaching and research to provide all who come into contact with it (and especially my students) with respect and consideration. Through my research, I will strive to contribute to the good of every student that I serve and the community to which we belong. I will do my best not to let personal interests and biases impact my research or its reportage and I will strive to share the results of my research with whoever may seek it regardless of outcome.
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